India’s infrastructure sector has undergone a massive expansion over the past 12 years, backed by a dramatic increase in public capital expenditure from ₹2 lakh crore (US$ 32.71 billion) in 2014-15 to ₹12.2 lakh crore (US$ 127.96 billion) in 2026-27. A key driver of this capital push is the railway sector, where the annual budget grew to ₹2.78 lakh crore, enabling 99.6% rail electrification alongside the deployment of 162 Vande Bharat, two Vande Bharat Sleeper, and 72 Amrit Bharat train services. Simultaneously, the national highway network expanded to 1,46,572 km, with completed road projects under the Bharatmala initiative reaching 22,590 km. Civil aviation connectivity also surged, with operational airports increasing to 165 and 679 UDAN routes actively connecting 95 airports, heliports, and water aerodromes. Urban mobility, logistics, and essential basic services have experienced similar rapid development under integrated planning platforms like PM GatiShakti and PRAGATI. Operational metro rail networks expanded to over 1,155 km across 26 cities, while major port cargo capacity nearly doubled to 1,728 MMTPA and operational national waterways grew to 32. Across urban and rural development initiatives, the Jal Jeevan Mission extended tap-water access to 15.91 crore rural households, supported by major investments under AMRUT 2.0 and the completion of 7,790 Smart Cities Mission projects worth ₹1,56,257 crore. $RVNL

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